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2000 BC - The Guitar from beginnings and beyond
The guitar has a long and colourful history, stretching back over thousands of years to its earliest known ancestors and beyond. This is based on archaeological discoveries carried out in Iran, which unearthed artifacts over 4000 years old, including carvings and figurines depicting long-necked, fretted instruments being held and played exactly as we would hold and play modern guitars, lutes, mandolins, banjos and many other long-necked, fretted instruments.
The languages in those regions were at various times Sanskrit and Persian, and the roots of the word 'guitar' may have come from a combination of those languages. Gi (possibly from Sanskrit sangeeta) means music and tar means string in many languages throughout the Middle East and Indian subcontinent. Another theory is that the name is descended from the Greek kithara, but that claim is disputed on the grounds that the kithara was a completely different type of instrument.
Spreading throughout the Middle East and Indian subcontinent, these instruments evolved through time into a wide variety of string instruments, later becoming known collectively by the Arabic term qitara.

3rd century AD - The Romans
The first major historical event that hastened this process was the spread of the Roman Empire beginning over 2000 years ago. The Romans occupied a vast region stretching from west Europe to central Asia. An unintentional result of this was that these instruments were freely collected and carried by them to regions far beyond their origins. They were soon adopted by local European cultures, and modified through the centuries, resulting in instruments such as gitterns .

10th century - The Moors
In the tenth century, the Moors invaded and occupied Spain from North Africa, and brought with them their versions of these instruments, and it's from this period that the Spanish word "guitarra" arose, and later the English form "guitar".

15th century - The guitar emerges
The Moorish instruments and similar ones descended from instruments brought centuries earlier by the Romans began to co-exist and were known separately by the terms: Guitarra Moresca and Guitarra Latina, respectively. The distinction between them began to blur and eventually the 'guitarra' emerged as an instrument in its own right. At this time guitars had only 4 or 5 strings made from gut.

16th - 17th century - Major advances in playing techniques
A more sophisticated but close relative of the guitar known as the vihuela emerged in Spain. It had six strings and was favoured by the nobility over the still very primitive 'guitarra', which was mostly played by peasants. The importance of the vihuela in the story of the guitar is that its sophistication began to attract the attention of serious composers, who wrote music for it and devised standardised playing techniques. These advances eventually transferred to the guitar, and those vihuelists are among the earliest names associated with the guitar, through their contributions to the vihuela including, Alonso Mudarra and Luis Narvaez among others. One of the most important techniques introduced was the use of fingers to play the individual strings, i.e., fingerstyle. Previously, the guitar had only been strummed or played melodically.
Most guitars at this time now had 5 strings.

18th century - The six string guitar
Six string guitars began to appear and soon became standard. Standard tuning at this time is recorded as being DADF#AD and standard music notation began to be used for writing guitar music. Due to the pitch range of the guitar being somewhat on the low side, it was decided to notate guitar music an octave higher than its true sound, which placed it across the treble staff, a practice that has become standard today. Previous to this, tablature was the standard method of writing guitar music.

19th century - The modern classical guitar, its composers and performers
The standardisation of tuning and playing techniques led to an upsurge in interest in the guitar, and the composers of guitar music wrote serious works which are still a standard part of the classical guitar repertoire today. The composers (who often were also virtuoso performers) working at this time included Carcassi, Sor, Paganini (more famous for his violin works), Tarrega and others.
One of the most important developments was the perfecting of the guitar by the Spanish guitar maker (luthier) Antonio Torres Jurado. The modern classic guitar is largely unchanged since his improvements. His modifications resulted in a much greater volume which allowed the guitar to project its sound more effectively and be heard by larger audiences of people, while maintaining its delicate tone.
Also at this time, flamenco dance troupes began to regularly employ guitarists as a standard feature of their performances, leading to a new style of playing and lighter construction of guitar:The flamenco guitar.

Early 20th century - The steel string acoustic guitar and blues music
Metal strings, which had made rare appearances in previous centuries, began to be used with a new and heavier construction of guitar - the first steel string acoustics. The emergence of blues music from the Mississippi Delta, coincided with this development and steel string guitars became the most prominent instrument among the first generation of blues guitarists, incuding: Robert Johnson, Mississippi John Hurt and Blind Lemon Jefferson.

1927 - Resonator guitars
Resonator guitars (also known as resophonic guitars) were invented by George Beauchamp and John Dopyera. Their construction allowed for greater volume which enabled the guitar to compete with the much louder instruments of the swing band era. Dopyera, with his brothers, later founded the company DOBRO (named from DOpyera BROthers) which became synonymous with resonator guitars.

1934 - Jazz guitar
The Gipsy virtuoso Django Reinhart founded the Quintette du Hot club du France and emerged as the world's leading jazz guitarist.

1930s and 40s - The electric guitar
The invention of electromagnetic pickups in 1935 by George Beauchamp assisted by the Rickenbacker company, led to the design and marketing of the world's first electric guitars. At around the same time, the guitarist and inventor Les Paul's experiments with pickup and signal processing resulted in one of the world's first hand-held solid body electric guitar with no acoustic components.
Meanwhile in the classical world, the recent invention of nylon led to classical guitars being strung by nylon strings rather than the traditional gut, used for centuries.

1950s - The Les Paul and the Stratocaster electric guitars
As the age of Rock and Roll dawned, two iconic solid body electric guitars were introduced by rival companies: The Les Paul named by Gibson Guitar Company in honour of the highly talented inventor and guitarist; and the Stratocaster by Fender Company. Both models remain the world's best known electric guitars.

1960s onwards - Technological and cultural developments
Since the 1960s, we have seen guitars dominate the pop and rock music scenes, leading to a huge list of names associated with the various types of music that have been, or remain, popular. Some of the most important technical developments of this period have been, and will likely continue to be, advances in digital technology.
Technically, this has resulted in the introduction of such innovations as synthesiser guitars and digital processing and recording, which open up a whole new world of sound creation and control, and at increasingly affordable prices.
Culturally, the Internet has been responsible for a massive change in how music is being learned and shared, instantly, freely and across all borders. As our presence here confirms, huge communities of like-minded guitar enthusiasts of all interests and levels of ability regularly come together in online forums such as this one, to learn and share on a scale that could never have been imagined previously.
The future looks bright.